Sport Drugs and Its Ethic and Morality Impacts

Professional sports are the front for people to get involved in a business where money is abundant and the temptation to be the best is too great. It has been well known that some athletes resort to using drugs that enhance their performance and this is why there is a committee that checks the players for this specific reason.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Sport Drugs and Its Ethic and Morality Impacts specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Ethics and morality have often been a part of the debate in the usage of such drugs and especially, the influence that the case will have on the greater public. In the end, using illegal substances that enhance performance are an unfair way to become better than the rest of the competing players but more importantly, a bad example to the young generation which is very influenced by the reputation and image of the professional athletes. The All-Star game Most Valuable Player Melky Cabrera of the San Francisco Giants and Former AL Cy Young Award winner Oakland Athletics starter Bartolo Colon are two professionals who have been using testosterone to enhance their playing skills. The sports federation has made a decision to suspend both players for 50 games, so the case is rather significant because the publicity and lessons that have to be learned are not only those of the men suspended (Melky Cabrera suspended 50Â  games, 2012). The most important aspect of the situation is that these players are employees. They are given a job and certain requirements are laid out that are attributable to all employees. Because the drugs influence bodily functions and change the chemical make-up, it is considered illegal and unethical to get involved in such an activity. The workplace or environment that these professionals are in is very unique, as it is very public and so, ethical considerations must be complied with even more. Also, because sport is a form of business, th e reputation of the whole industry might be at stake. People expect responsible and proper actions from any Major League Sports, so it is instrumental that no situation affects the way people view the organization. In case the public develops a negative attitude towards the players or a sport, it will directly suffer. People are the ones who make sports demanded and so, a shift in preference will affect everyone involved in the corporation (Another player receives 50-game Ban, 2012). Another issue is the safety of the players and the image in regards to proper procedures that are presented. There are no guarantees that the drugs used will not have a negative side effect on the body or mind of the people who took vthem.Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More As the studies are very limited, it is unclear how the body will react in the long term. But more importantly, the health concern is in relation to the children and public. If professional players use drugs, they are viewed as role models for the younger generation, and this will make it seem acceptable to take drugs. Children will feel that it is safe to do, as professionals are taking them, so there will be even greater concern for the health of young people. Ethics are a crucial part of the world and so, every effort must be taken in supporting and ensuring that morality stays on a high level. From all perspectives, the use of drugs is regulated by the law and is made illegal. Even if some will accept the possibility of certain drugs being less harmful than others, it is still improper to use substances that will affect the organism. Melky Cabrera and Bartolo Colon have received a suspension for their actions and it is rather justified. Morally, it would be wise to set an example that such actions will not be tolerated. Even though it might be said that it was a lengthy and unfair suspension and no one was hurt, it was still a wrong thing to do. From the perspective of utilitarianism, the greater good or the most amount of happiness should be applied. It could be said that by taking the enhancement drugs, the athletes would provide better performance and thus, bring more happiness to the viewers. The only people they are potentially hurting are themselves and so, it would be allowed for the benefit of the majority. But even though it might seem as a harmless and even positive act, the damage that could be done from the reputation of such matter could be much greater. Even if no one finds out about their act, it is still immoral and is done by deceiving and lying to people. But more importantly, if children and the public will think that these sorts of acts will go unpunished, the use of illegal drugs will be increased and the health of people will be impacted. This would create much more unhappiness in the lives of all people who use drugs, in addition to their relatives and friends who will also be affected by the negative behavior. From either perspective the use of drug enhancing substances is wrong and should not be permitted. The reputation and morality illustrate that it is unethical in all aspects of the matter. References Another player receives 50-game Ban. (2012). Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/23/sports/baseball/baseball-bartolo-colon-suspended-failed-drug-test.html?_r=0Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Sport Drugs and Its Ethic and Morality Impacts specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Melky Cabrera suspended 50Â  games. (2012). Retrieved from https://www.espn.com/mlb/story/_/id/8271981/melky-cabrera-san-francisco-giants-suspended-50-games This essay on Sport Drugs and Its Ethic and Morality Impacts was written and submitted by user Kimber Garcia to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Entrepreneurship An Emirati Perspective

Entrepreneurship An Emirati Perspective Encouraging private entrepreneurship in the highly competitive environment of a globalized market is not an easy task; however, by addressing the current economic, political and financial issues efficiently in order to encourage the progress of private entrepreneurship and introduce European and American standards into public and private entrepreneurship, the government of UAE will be able to handle the current problems faced in the private and public sector. In their research Entrepreneurship: An Emirati perspective, Halah El-Sokari, Constance Van Horne, Zeng-Yu Huang, and Mouawiya Al Awad discuss the problems that entrepreneurs face nowadays and provide the methods of dealing with these problems. Although the research does not cover all of the problematic issues, which the Saudi Arabian entrepreneurship is currently suffering from, it still offers a fairly decent account of the significant problems and the strategies that can improve the current state of affairs and reinforce the U AE business sphere. The research features some of the grand accomplishments of the UAE government in defining the current entrepreneurial issues. To start with, it is crucial that the research was conducted based on the results of a statewide survey since it allowed for not only providing the audience with the latest (2006–2011) data but also the information regarding both domestic UAE companies and the companies located in other states. Another strong point of the given report concerns the authors’ skill of noticing the critical tendencies in the UAE business sphere and bringing these tendencies to the readers’ attention. One of the least expected and, quite honestly, the most welcomed ones concerned the introduction of the so-called intrapreneurship into the UAE business sphere. According to the definition provided by the authors of the study, intrapreneurship can be defined as a â€Å"type of entrepreneurial activity which is recognized and measured by the G EM survey is employee entrepreneurship† [1, p. 16]. By emphasizing the fact that a number of UAE employees showing the signs of entrepreneurial activity, the authors of the research state that the rates of the private business initiative are growing fast within the UAE setting, which is a perfect sign for the state’s economic improvement. The given conclusion is crucial for the further evolution of the UAE business, since, at present, the state economy depends on SMEs for the most part. Therefore, it is the duty of the state government leaders to do everything possible in order to encourage the development of SMEs. Seeing how the phenomenon of intrapreneurship contributes to the evolution of small businesses in that it encourages employees to start their own small business. Another apparent strength of the paper concerns the description of the Entrepreneurship Leave framework, which is bound to have a significant effect on the UAE SMEs evolution and the economic growth in general. Not only do the authors provide a detailed overview of the given strategy, but also explain its significance in the context of the â€Å"diversified knowledge economy† [1, p. 21], making it clear that the competitiveness increase, which the given strategy triggers, is exactly what the UAE economy needs. The role of social networking in the reconstruction of the Emirati economy is the third element that makes the given report stand out. In the era of globalization, when significant companies join to create transnational corporations, the means of getting in touch, as well as expanding, promoting services to different states and making essential business connections. Social networks have gained incredible weight as both the means to promote directly to the target audience and keep in touch with the latter, creating the illusion of an essential link between the potential customers and the company in question, therefore, engaging people into a conversation and, with t he basic principles of customer psychology applied, thrilling them into making a purchase and using the company’s services. It was also brilliant of the authors of the research to come up with an average UAE businessman profile; with an academic endeavor of their own, Halah El-Sokari, Constance Van Horne, Zeng-Yu Huang, and Mouawiya Al Awad have defined the key features of an average UAE entrepreneur quite precisely. Finally, Halah El-Sokari, Constance Van Horne, Zeng-Yu Huang, and Mouawiya Al Awad must be credited for finally shedding light on such a painfully notorious issue within the UAE business sphere as the obstacles on the way of female entrepreneurs. It is rather impressive that the authors discuss the problem in a separate chapter, outlining the critical issues regarding the progress of female entrepreneurship, taking the cultural aspects of the UAE into account and providing an overview of the measures that are undertaken to address the problem. However, the resear ch also contains several rather weak or, at the very least, dubious elements. First of all, one of the most notorious issues in the UA business sphere, the fact that the private sector is dominated by foreign businessmen, has been ignored in the report. While the authors mention that migrant labor is used in the UAE, stressing the need to â€Å"encourage Entrepreneurial Population by reaching out to all demographic groups including youth, women, seniors, migrants, and the unemployed† [1 p. 111], they provide only a short paragraph with a brief mentioning of the issue without going into any further detail about the problems that the UAE natives suffer, or mentioning the rates of unemployment induced by the unwillingness of foreign owners of private companies to recruit native residents of the UAE. While the report seems to represent other current UAE issues quite decently, Halah El-Sokari, Constance Van Horne, Zeng-Yu Huang, and Mouawiya Al Awad have ignored the question above of foreigners ripping the UAE citizens off of their right to compete with immigrants. Drawing the conclusion, one must admit that the authors of the report did a reasonably good job by conducting such vast research. However, some of the significant issues have still been overlooked, which means that the given report needs further improvement. The study admittedly has a number of strong points, covering most of the problems that the modern UAE businessmen, company owners, and employees face regularly. It is also quite refreshing that the study embraces not only political and economical but also social issues, allowing one to define more factors that shape the current UAE market. However, the research also has several problems in terms of the integrity of the results; for example, the lack of insight on the gender profiling issues within the present-day UAE business sphere, as well as the lack of analysis. With that being said, the report still provides an excellent general overview of the UAE economic situation and gives much food for thoughts. With several minor corrections, the presented research could provide the basis for drafting a plan of the UAE financial situation improves. Reference List [1]. H. El-Sokari, C. Van Horne, Z.-Y. Huang and M. Al Awad. Entrepreneurship: An Emirati perspective. The Institute for Social and Economic Research (ISERI), Essex, UK, 2013.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Entrepreneurship: An Emirati Perspective specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More

All About Chinese Wedding Flowers

All About Chinese Wedding Flowers Chinese wedding flowers are used mostly as a decoration on tables at Chinese weddings and large bouquets of colorful flowers (typically pink and red) are often given to the bride and groom as gifts. These elaborate bouquets usually line the hall leading to the wedding reception. Some brides opt to carry a small bouquet though this is usually just for wedding photos. Lilies are popular Chinese wedding flowers because the word lily (ç™ ¾Ã¥ Ë†, bÇŽi hà ©) sounds like the ç™ ¾Ã¥ Ë† ( bÇŽi hà ©) part of the proverb ç™ ¾Ã¥ ¹ ´Ã¥ ¥ ½Ã¥ Ë† (BÇŽinin hÇŽo hà ©, happy union for one hundred years). The flower also represents bringer of sons. Orchids are another popular Chinese wedding flower. Orchids symbolize love and a married couple. Orchids also represent wealth and fortune. The lotus is also a popular Chinese wedding flower. A lotus bloom with a leaf and bud symbolizes a complete union. Two lotus blooms or a lotus and a blossom on one stem represent a wish for shared heart and harmony because è  · (hà ©) means union.

Finance Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Finance Ethics - Essay Example We shall address their views regarding such decisions and issues. Ford deals in automobiles that find a market all over the world. The success of the company is dependent on a number of stakeholders as viewed from the perspective of production of the end product. All stages of production call for integration of a couple of elements that move in the same direction (Preston, 1995). Employees are key stakeholders in this company. They feature in various departments and segments of the organization. Production process would need personnel in the form of engineers and technical experts. There would be a need for administrators, marketers, assistant managers and a whole range of other staff members. The organization would have to steer them towards achieving goals of the organization without ignoring other stakeholders (Preston, 1995). Financiers of the company are in the form of banks and shareholders. Their role is key in having the entire company on its feet. Hiring of personnel, making purchases from suppliers, marketing, and advertising are all dependent on funds generated and availed by suppliers. Another key stakeholder of this company is the target customer. The company has a moral duty to have their needs first by providing quality automobile and after sales attention. Their opinion and regards about the item bought is an area of concern for the buyers. Their suggestions define the success of the company (Harrison, 2010). Suppliers to Ford Motors complete a segment of the success puzzle. They avail resources to the company for the production process. Structural materials in the form of tires, metallic items, and other requirements make production happen. Ford Motor Company thrives in a community that is on its receiving end of the matters that come with production. The company has to be a good citizen to execute production responsibly. Governmental bodies have a stake

Psychological Effects of Being A Police Officer Research Paper

Psychological Effects of Being A Police Officer - Research Paper Example For one to be a police officer, he has to go through thorough training to prepare him for the job at hand. Law enforcement is a career field in which one must not only be physically strong but also mentally because the psychological effects can have the ability to damage one’s mental well being, personal life, and career performance. Below is an overview of the effects of police work on their mental, personal and career lives. Police officers are exposed to episodes of violence, deception and victimization throughout most of their careers. The impact of having to deal with these issues can weigh very heavily on their mental well being (Villiers 25). Policemen as human and although they may have undergone training to enable them to deal with stressors that accompany their work, they can sometimes succumb to the pressure. Some of the events that may have detrimental effects to the mental well being o a police officer include witnessing the death of a colleague or being involved in a shootout (Paton 85). These incidences may be traumatic for the officer and they may affect his mental abilities and concentration at work and at home. In some cases police officers may have suicidal tendencies. This is the extreme mental effects that the work of policing can have on an officer. Due to the stress caused by certain experiences while on the job, some policemen have tried and others succeeded in committing suicide (90). These suicidal tendencies are caused by the officers not being able to reconcile with a situation that they found themselves in. in this case, the brain cannot fully deal with a certain situation and the resulting stress becomes too much for the officer who decides that he would rather end his life than continue being faced by the same problem everyday (Villiers 32). Police officers, like everyone else in the society have their own private lives. Many of them have families that they care about. One of the requirements

Hiv Infected Black African Community Health And Social Care Essay

Hiv Infected Black African Community Health And Social Care Essay Today the epidemic HIV/AIDS has become a universal issue demanding attention of all public sectors. The HIV infection has developed as a major public health importance in the whole world with its increasing prevalence rate. The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a retrovirus which affects the immune system of the body and destroys all its functions where an acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is the most advance phase of HIV infection (World health organisation, 2010). Globally around 60 million people are affected since the start of this epidemic HIV and till now around 20 million people are died due to infection of this virus (UNAIDS, 2005). In the year 2007, it was estimated that around 33.2 million people were living with HIV in the world (UNAIDS, 2007). Similarly in United Kingdom, the prevalence of HIV infected people was 77,400 in 2007 (Health Protection Agency, 2008). The London city continues to be the UKs HIV/AIDS hot spot with leading numbers of HIV cases as compa red to UK. In London, the population of Black Africans are most rapidly increasing in terms of HIV infection and forming the second largest group of HIV/AIDS service users (Erwin and peters, 1999). This essay will try to investigate and analyse the causes of increasing prevalence of HIV infection in Black African people in London Borough of Lewisham. The essay will briefly examine the epidemiology of HIV infection in Lewisham particularly with focusing on Black African ethnicity. This essay will also focus on socio economic determinants of HIV prevalence in Black African community in London borough of Lewisham. With the help of this research the factors influencing HIV/AIDS in Black African population in Lewisham would be studied. This will be an attempt to analyse the strategies and interventions of the issue regarding global, national and mainly the local perspectives. It focuses on black African communities because they are disproportionately affected by HIV infection compared to other minority ethnic groups. The HIV infection is mainly transmitted through unprotected sexual intercourse which can be anal or vaginal. It may also be transmitted through the transfusion of HIV contaminated blood to the healthy individual. Sharing needles has become a most common reason for the spread of this epidemic. It may also be transmitted through the mother having HIV to her child. Breast feeding is also one of the factors which can help to spread the HIV (World Health Organisation, 2010). Still in many areas like developing countries, people are unknown to HIV/AIDS. The illiteracy and poverty are the main causative factors for the spread of epidemic HIV in the world. Being an epidemic, migration is the most common cause for increasing the prevalence of HIV. Sex workers also play a leading role in the spread of HIV because the infection is sexually transmitted. London city has the maximum proportion of population from minority ethnic groups migrated from all over the world. Among these different ethnic groups, Black Africans are one of the fastest growing immigrants in London. East London is one of the poorest areas in London city with having lowest expectation of life, highest unemployment rate and poor housing with low level of education (Elford et al, 2006). In England, late diagnosis of HIV remains a major problem among black Africans. In 2007, about 42 per cent of black Africans diagnosed with HIV were diagnosed late. The evidence shows that late diagnosis of HIV increases more risk of early mortality. The research also conclude some reasons for late diagnosis of HIV in Black African community such as, fear of testing positive for HIV, some of them have a misconception that testing positive would lead to deportation, fear of breaking up the social relationships after testing positive, unknown of testing centres due to lack of information, having fear that life or business pattern will change because of testing positive. Most of Black Africans felt that they had no reason to think they had HIV. Due to HIV related stigma and discrimination Black Africans as compared to White community are the least likely to disclose their HIV status to their partners, family members, employers or friends. Cultural and religious diversity among African c ommunity are the main causes of increase in prevalence of HIV. The evidence indicates that long time stay in England also has an impact on the sexual health of black Africans. Many black African migrates are facing insecure residency status problem. This causes unemployment and mental problems to the community and due to this they are forced into sexual risks, such as prostitution which increases high risk to HIV infection (Race Equality Foundation, 2009). Language barrier is one of the main causes for the increase in prevalence of HIV in Black people. Ineffective communication between people and health care professional causes poor service of the health care. Spirituality is also an important factor in the health and well-being of older Black African people and must also be considered when deciding on methods of engagement (Race Equality Foundation, 2010). In England, It has proved that there are more same-sex relationships than reported among black Africans (Race Equality Foundation, 2009). There is growing evidence to show that African men who have sex with men (MSM) living in the UK are deeply affected by HIV. The article from Audrey Prost, related to sexually transmitted diseases (STIs) highlights the fact that homosexually active men from Black African communities in UK are disproportionately vulnerable to STIs compared to white people community. According to a study conducted by Hickson and his colleagues in 2001, a higher proportion of black African MSM (18%) was living with HIV compared with white MSM with 10% (Aidsportal, 2007). African gay/bisexual men, regardless of their HIV status, are considered hard to reach and reluctant to talk. Various reports indicate that homophobia, both at large and within the black African community may be preventing African men from engaging with HIV prevention initiatives and even discussing their sexual identity with anyone. The racism and homophobia are being very offensive part in Black gay community because Black people have always excluded, harassed, imprisoned and killed often solely because they have black skin where Gay men are also harassed, beaten and killed because they are gay. This explains how difficult it can be being black and gay. In UK, there are some evidences of research studies which are related to Black Caribbean MSM and their problems regarding social lives but there is no evidence of equivalent research which has been has been carried out with African men in UK. Therefore more research is needed urgently for understanding the sexual lifestyles of Afric an MSM, their problems regarding social lives and the best ways to reach them with HIV prevention policies and interventions (Aidsportal, 2007). Commission for Equality and Human Rights (CEHR) presents a real opportunity to address the multiple forms of discrimination faced by Black/African gay men, including racism, homophobia, sexism etc. In London the well established determinants of health care costs for people living with HIV/AIDS such as disease stage and transmission category, socio-economic factors like employment and the support of a living-in partner drastically reduced community services expenses (Kupek et al, 1999). The social responses of fear, stigma, denial and discrimination have accompanied the epidemic HIV/AIDS where the discrimination has increased enormously with maximum anxiety and prejudice against the community who are commonly affected with HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS, 2000). The HIV/AIDS can be treated by some modern therapies but it cannot be cured. The highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) is a therapy which uniformly slower down the rate of disease development towards AIDS or the death. In London it is consistently showed that, the Black African people living with HIV are more likely to present with advanced stage of disease, and are therefore less likely to access and get advantage from this therapy. Because of this consequence there is a high mortality rate related to AIDS among the White community but in Black African community it has not yet seen remarkably (Boyd et al, 2005). The main reason for this occurrence is an unawareness of the highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) among the Black African community. The information and knowledge regarding demographic characteristics and the stage of HIV in various communities can give important insights like which community should be targeted to provide more intensive educational campaigns t o develop the uptake of HIV testing. The World Health Organisation, UNAIDS and AVERT are the globally leading health organisations which work together and with the government for the prevention of HIV/AIDS. These organisations regularly keep an updates of the prevalence of epidemic HIV/AIDS globally, on national level as well as on the local level. Though these organisations are trying to provide maximum services for HIV infected people, it is proved that, globally only less than one individual in five who are at risk of HIV had access to basic prevention services for HIV (UNAIDS, 2005). As mentioned earlier, the prevalence of HIV is much in African regions. The governments of African countries should act decisively against the increase of HIV infections in the country. In South Africa the government has approved the long-awaited provision of free antiretroviral drugs in public hospitals. The South Africa is the only country in Africa whose government is still obtuse, dilatory and negligent about rolling out treatment ( AVERT, 2010). To fight against an epidemic HIV worldwide, the World Health Organisation and other national and international health organisations celebrates World AIDS Day every year on first December. The theme was established by World Health Organisation in 1988. Worldwide it provides national AIDS programs, faith organisations, community organisations, and individuals with an opportunity to raise awareness and focus attention on the global AIDS epidemic (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2010). In England, the HIV related framework of services has been developed for African communities. This framework is developed to fulfil the vision of NHS plan and meet the standards and goals set out in the National Strategy. This service framework helps NHS staff offering HIV prevention and sexual health promotion advice to African communities. The Department of Health has proposed an ASTOR framework to deal with the diverse black community with different needs. It is a standardised planning tool which can be very helpful to deal with the Black African HIV infected patients. The benefits of ASTORs are for both service commissioners and providers (Department of Health, 2005). To reduce the prevalence of HIV infection in Black African community, the government of England have planned some strategies such as, Reducing the number of people living with undiagnosed HIV with maximum access to testing HIV, improving the health of people living with HIV by providing an antiretroviral therapy to them, preventing the onward transmission of HIV by addressing knowledge and awareness to the infected people (Elam et al, 2006). The African HIV Policy Network (AHPN) is a national umbrella organisation which deals with providing the information of national policies on HIV and sexual health that have implicated for African communities (African HIV Policy Network, 2008). In England the National African HIV prevention Programme (NAHIP) also works effectively delivering prevention interventions for African people living in England. In 1997, the department of health set up a first group of national projects targeted for African community to reduce the prevalence of HIV infection in England. In 2008 the Department of Health instigated a review of the two national HIV Prevention programmes, NAHIP and CHAPS which highlighted the strengths and weaknesses of both programmes and discussed the challenges regarding increasing prevalence in black Africans. In mid 2009, the RBE Consultancy was commissioned to consult with stakeholders in order to develop the NAHIP Strategic Plan 2010 2012. There is a provision of African A IDS Helpline which will become an intervention within NIHIP and the African community. The structure of the plan of NIHIP for 2010-2012 mainly include, the Implementation of the African HIV Prevention Handbook, Putting the Knowledge, The Will and The Power into Practice, relationships with evaluation and development. The aim of AHPN plan is taking into account the needs of African communities and more specifically incorporates Africans living with HIV into local delivery plans where the NIHIP aims to maintain the flow of the previous structure, provide a link for Sub-Contracted Agencies in case of grievances, reduce the length of time between HIV infection and diagnosis, reduce the number of condom failure events by increasing correct use of condoms, increase post-exposure prophylaxis in people who are sexually exposed to HIV (NAHIP, 2010). The Department of Health (2005) planned some interventions to decrease the prevalence of HIV in African communities such as, One to one counselling. Telephone help lines. Provision of sperm washing services. Clinical services to prevent mother-to-child transmission. To maximise the contact with the target group Department of Health made some settings which include, religious groups of African community or churches, African restaurants and embassies etc (Department of Health, 2005). The most prominent initiatives of NIHIP are the Do It Right Africans Making Healthy Choices campaign providing information on sexual health, condoms, and where to access help to the targeted group. The Beyond Condoms campaign of NIHIP promotes debate among African communities about a wide range of issues regarding sexual health and building a safer sex culture. To avoid the language and religious barriers the campaign literature is available in five different languages with targeting different religious groups (AVERT, 2010). The London Borough of Lewisham has large number of black African community with infected by HIV. Each year the NHS of Lewisham treats over 1,200 people for HIV infection. In this borough, around 57% of people are infected through heterosexual sex and 35% are infected through sex between men. The NHS Lewisham is trying to fight against increase in HIV prevalence by implementing different strategies. In 2009, the NHS set a theme for World AIDS Day entitled Universal Access and Human Rights. In the whole borough, the HIV testing is currently available through all GPs on request and four rapid-access HIV testing clinics around the borough. With implementing a new theme for HIV the NHS is piloting a new approach to HIV testing (NHS Lewisham, 2009). To avoid different barriers against HIV treatment the NHS has set 5 spoke providers on the weekly and monthly basis in which Metro is for weekly gay men group and FAWA provides French speaking African monthly group. This can help African commun ity who are infected with HIV (NHS Lewisham, 2009). In London Borough of Lewisham, the service providers for the black African people living with HIV are commissioned through the South London HIV Partnership (SLHP). The HIV services for black African communities commissioned by SLHP are as follows: African Culture Promotion: Prevention work with African communities. SHAKA: Prevention work with Caribbian and African communities. NPL: Prevention work with African communities. LSL African Health Forum: Prevention work with African communities. THT GMFA: Care and support services for gay men. Terrence Higgins Trust: Counselling (NHS Lewisham, 2009). Although Lewisham carries maximum number of HIV patients with black African ethnicity, still there are no specific strategies or policies targeting only for black Africans HIV patients in London Borough of Lewisham. According to the research carried out, the black Africans continue to present with more advanced HIV disease than whites or black Caribbeans. This community is still lacking for the early diagnosis as compared to other ethnic groups. The future strategies should be designed to promote the uptake of HIV testing among black Africans. The future strategies should address the multiple barriers to testing, including misperception of risk, stigma and discrimination and ready access to testing. This study suggests that although being on a high risk group for HIV infection the black Africans generally do not suspect their status. This community delay their uptake for HIV clinic care and test and statutory, voluntary support services. But still after diagnosis they are similar to their white counterparts. The black African community lack informal support networks. This study highlights a desperate need for health promotion work for the black African communities in London Borough of Lewisham, to increase awareness of the benefits of testing HIV and simultaneously to reduce the stigma and discrimination related to HIV/AIDS. These are some barriers which have been illustrated in this study related to HIV testing. The attitudes and practices of NHS and other health care providers, perceptions of patients living with HIV, and official, managerial and economical factors would be very important aspects for the effectiveness of HIV testing and counselling for black African community but yet there is lack of structured information regarding these barriers. The overall barriers described are associated with low-risk perception, access to the health services, reluctance to address HIV, fear and worries and scarcity of economical and properly trained human resources. To conclude the overall study some suggestions would be helpful for the future strategies of health care services. The strategy or the policy should be made which can help strengthen work between the voluntary and statutory sector since the black African community would find it easier to approach their community organisations. The statutory sector should also approach the community directly by reaching them and to hear their personal views. Every newly established structure of the policy should be placed in each sector which will enable the people to attend easily. Considering the examples of the black African gay people, where it is perhaps easier for them to deal with HIV as they have, no baggage of family, these people are generally from the indigenous community therefore there is no immigration status problem, these people are stigmatised but also influential and empowered. If a HIV patient is admitted in hospital, try monitoring him and when he is about to discharged the hospita l ask him to contribute some thoughts once back in the community. Proactive engagement with the black African community would effect in unequal access to services and care with raising the confidence in their own voluntary organisation that the information about their status is held in confidence and will not be breached. A health care service should have culturally competent staff and involves families in the communication process which can be effective and successful. It is also a responsibility of all members of the society. The society should act well with the minority groups living with HIV. They should not be stigmatised by the general people. Being a good human everyone should avoid racism with minority communities like black Africans and the gay people. Remember, the Black African community who have HIV/AIDS are not the problem but the society is. REFERANCES: African HIV Policy Network. (2008) BHIVA/BASHH/BIS HIV TESTING GUIDELINES CONSULTATION Response from the African HIV Policy Network (AHPN). [Online] Available from: http://www.ahpn.org/downloads/policies/Consultation_on_BHIVA_testing_guidelines_V3_0.pdf [Accessed 5th May 2010]. African HIV Policy Network. (2006) HIV and Immigration. [Online] Available from: http://www.ahpn.org/downloads/newsletters/AHPNNewsletter0406.pdf [Accessed 15th May 2010]. Aidsportal. (2007) African HIV Policy network. [Online] Available from: http://www.aidsportal.org/repos/AHPNNewsletterMSMJuly07.pdf [Accessed 25th April 2010]. AVERT. (2010) HIV and AIDS in the UK. [Online] Available from: http://www.avert.org/aids-uk.htm [Accessed 21st May 2010]. AVERT. (2010) History of AIDS: 2003-2006. [Online] Available from: http://www.avert.org/aids-history03-06.htm [Accessed 17th May 2010]. Bevan, K. (2008) HIV in South East London 1995 2006. [Online] Available from: http://www.hpa.org.uk/web/HPAwebFile/HPAweb_C/1212477969757 [Accessed 12th May 2010]. Boyd, A., Murad, S., Oshea, S., Ruiter, A., Watson, C., Easterbrook, P. (2005) Ethnic differences in stage of presentation of adults newly diagnosed with HIV-1 infection in south London. [Online] Available from: http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/118714709/PDFSTART [Accessed 26th April 2010]. Department of Health. (2005) HIV and AIDS in African Communities A Framework for Better Prevention and Care January. [Online] Available from: http://www.dh.gov.uk/prod_consum_dh/groups/dh_digitalassets/@dh/@en/documents/digitalasset/dh_4099052.pdf [Accessed 13th May 2010]. Elam, G., De Souza, L., Ward, H. (2006) HIV and AIDS in the United Kingdom African communities: guidelines produced for prevention and care. [Online] Available from: http://www.eurosurveillance.org/ViewArticle.aspx?ArticleId=2886 [Accessed 2nd May 2010]. Elford, J., Anderson, J., Bukutu, C., Ibrahim, F. (2006) HIV in East London: ethnicity, gender and risk. Design and methods. [Online] Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1524742/ [Accessed 14th May 2010]. Erwin, J., Peters, B. (1999) Treatment issues for HIV+ Africans in London. [Online] Available from: http://0-www.sciencedirect.com.emu.londonmet.ac.uk/science?_ob=MImg_imagekey=B6VBF-3X70SDJ-6-1_cdi=5925_user=983321_pii=S0277953699002208_orig=search_coverDate=12%2F31%2F1999_sk=999509988view=cwchp=dGLbVzb-zSkzSmd5=b3e0e9a3f108a1a7e8675b1ed11c7ef9ie=/sdarticle.pdf [Accessed 14th May 2010]. Health Protection Agency. (2008) HIV in the United Kingdom: 2008 Report. [Online] Available from: http://www.hpa.org.uk/web/HPAwebFile/HPAweb_C/1227515298354 [Accessed 9th May 2010]. Kupek, E., Dooley, M., Whitaker, L., Petrou, S., Renton, A. (1999) Demographic and socio-economic determinants of community and hospital services costs for people with HIV/AIDS in London. [Online] Available from: http://0-www.sciencedirect.com.emu.londonmet.ac.uk/science?_ob=MImg_imagekey=B6VBF-3WR495S-C-1_cdi=5925_user=983321_pii=S027795369800447X_orig=search_coverDate=05%2F31%2F1999_sk=999519989view=cwchp=dGLzVtb-zSkzSmd5=8f397198cfd5d487e813fcadbf073668ie=/sdarticle.pdf [Accessed 7th May 2010]. Latif, S. (2010) Effective methods of engaging black and minority ethnic communities within health care settings. [Online] Available from: http://www.better-health.org.uk/files/health/health-brief18.pdf [Accessed 3rd May 2010]. National African HIV Prevention Programme. (2010) National African HIV Prevention Programme (NAHIP) Strategic Plan April 2010 to March 2012. [Online] Available from: http://www.nahip.org.uk/downloads/494.pdf [Accessed 28th April 2010]. NHS Lewisham. (2009) HIV Supportive Care in Lewisham. [Online] Available from: http://www.lewisham.gov.uk/NR/rdonlyres/4072F68D-B71C-48EB-8749-CCFBC0B0DB7E/0/cc7f47f87214442b9213e01b0b2a297104HIVCommissioningandsupportprovision.PDF [Accessed 25th May 2010]. NHS Lewisham. (2009) MEDIA RELEASE WORLD AIDS DAY: 1ST DECEMBER 2009. [Online] Available from: http://www.lewishampct.nhs.uk/documents/2244.pdf [Accessed 5th May 2010]. NHS Lewisham. (2009) HIV Supportive Care in Lewisham Report for Healthier Communities Select Committee NHS Lewisham. (2010) HIV Supportive Care in Lewisham. [Online] Available from: http://www.lewisham.gov.uk/NR/rdonlyres/9FE5FD58-9FDD-40F6-8C40-4ECECFBE23D4/0/0f66c646e95c4283b3b14078e7d0214608HIVHealthierCommunitiesSelectCommittee.PDF [Accessed 4th May 2010]. UNAIDS. (2000) HIV and AIDS-related stigmatization, discrimination and denial: forms, contexts and determinants. [Online] Available from: http://whqlibdoc.who.int/unaids/2000/UNAIDS_00.16E.pdf [Accessed 1st May 2010]. UNAIDS. (2005) Intensifying HIV prevention. [Online] Available from: http://data.unaids.org/publications/irc-pub06/jc1165-intensif_hiv-newstyle_en.pdf [Accessed 23rd April 2010]. UNAIDS. (2007) AIDS epidemic update. [Online] Available from: http://data.unaids.org/pub/epislides/2007/2007_epiupdate_en.pdf [Accessed 5th May 2010]. U.S Department of Health and Human Services. (2010) World AIDS Day. [Online] Available from: http://www.hhs.gov/aidsawarenessdays/days/world/ [Accessed 22nd May 2010]. World Health Organisation. (2010) HIV/AIDS. [Online] Available from: http://www.who.int/topics/hiv_aids/en/ [Accessed 15th May 2010].

Airline Industry Essay

Many people assume flying is a fairly new endeavor. However, although the first few years of the 20th century were a risky time for flying, it did exist. It wasn’t until 1925 that flying became more common. This began when the Air Mail Act took place, which enabled the post master to contract with private airliners to deliver mail, developing the airline industry. Shortly after, the Air Commerce Act gave the Secretary of Commerce power to establish airways, certify aircraft, license pilots, and issue and enforce air traffic regulations (Harris, nd). Within ten years many modern day airliners such as United and American had emerged as great players in this up and coming industry. In 1938 the Civil Aeronautics Act was established creating the Civil Aeronautics Board. This board’s two most significant functions were determining airlines’ routes of travel and regulating prices for passenger fares (Harris, nd). The Federal Aviation Administration was created in 1958 to manager and regulates safety operations and in 1978 the era of unencumbered free market competition would finally take place due to the Airline Deregulation Act. Airliners have come a long way. With special accommodations such as first class, food and beverage available, and often times even radio or television. Often times, it is easy to find a deal for tickets such as packages. Some examples would be round a bout trips, or package deals on hotel rooms, inclusive food, and the trip back home. The Airline Industry Business model can be easily broken down into five models. First, the buyer and second is supplier power in the industry. â€Å"Airbus and Boeing dominate the jetliner market, so it makes it hard for other suppliers to have a lot of power in the industry, â€Å"(â€Å"Airline Economics, p.14, 2010). Different types of Carriers are demanded in the industry, depending on what it is used for. So, a lot of suppliers find it easy to get into the industry thanks to the buyers. â€Å"Competition from low-cost carriers such as Southwest Airlines tends to strengthen buyer power in the airlines market, where United Airlines, for example, has a Mileage Plus scheme (â€Å"Airlines economics†, p.14, 2010). A new entrant is something very hard to accomplish within the airline industry. New entrants can make it hard because, generally, a lot of established airlines hold a monopoly over slots at most airports (â€Å"Airline Economics†, p.14, 2010). Fourth, a good example of the Availability of Substitutes can be said to be boats, trains, or busses. However, in today’s economy with the oil prices sometimes flying wickedly high, it is the best way to travel, and it’s a lot more time saving. The final force is Competitive Rivalry. Highly competitive industries generally earn low returns because the cost of competition is high. With a lot of expenses being high today, different companies need to advertise so they’re not wasting seats. It is important to remember that fundamentally airlines are a service industry. Airlines perform a service for their customers – transporting them and their belongings (or their products, in the case of cargo customers) from one point to another for an agreed price (â€Å"Airlines Economics†, 2012). Airlines vary greatly. From a single aircraft carrying mail or cargo, to a full-service international airline many people depend on airline services. However, it seems that it is the Low Cost Carriers which continue to grow and bring in the crowds. Most of the passenger revenue (nearly 80 percent) comes from domestic travel, while 20 percent comes from travel to and from destinations in other countries (â€Å"Airlines Economics†, 2012). However, it is the frequent flyers, or the people who take more the 10 trips a year, who take up a significant portion of air travel. While they only account for 8% out of the total number of passengers in a given year, they make up 40 % of the trips. Rivalry in the airlines industry is strong, due in part to the sheer size of competitors and the difficulties in exiting the industry (Datamonitor, p. 14, 2011). Because the industry product is so minimal, high sensitivity is essential when considering pricing. Therefore, rivalry increases the more low cost carriers are in the market; these companies are capable of competing more intensely. Rivalry is also intensified where storage costs are high. Storage cost in this industry is equivalent to unsold seats on a flight, similar to unsold inventory in a manufacturing industry (Datamonitor, p. 22, 2011). A lack of diversity in the passengers increases the need for players to use their single core business to compete with. Rivalry in the U.S. airline industry is assessed strong (Datamonitor, p. 23, 2011). Some of the major rivalry in this particular industry would include AMR corporation, Southwest airlines, and United Continental Holdings. Since 1978, the airline industry has seen more than 180 bankruptcies (Alukos, p. 1, 2012). Currently, US Airways Group Inc. has decided to partner with AMR in the midst of their bankruptcies. In doing this, their hope is to minimize the amount of employees being laid off and put more money into creditor’s pockets. American Airlines has been at a competitive disadvantage for many years (Corridore, p. 2, 2012). In the last couple of months pilots retiring have taken its toll, with 240 in September and October 2011. The companies cash balances quickly drained out due to many lump-sum payouts. Oil prices have also taken its toll on airlines, peaking at its all-time high at $147.27 a barrel. Since then, the cost per barrel has receded going down 58% from the record high. However, it is thought to be possible for oil prices to climb, once again, over $100 a barrel over the next year, reflecting the view of Corridore that the oild market has again become more volatile (Corridore, p. 3, 2012). References Airline economics. (2012). Retrieved from http://www.avjobs.com/history/airline-economics.asp (â€Å"Airline economics,† 2012) Harris, A. (n.d.). The history of airline industry. Retrieved from http://traveltips.usatoday.com/history-airline-industry-100074.html Airlines Industry Profile: the United States. (2011). Airlines Industry Profile: United States, 1-42. Corridore, J. (2012, June 28). Standard & poors airlines. Retrieved from http://www.netadvantage.standardandpoors.com.ezproxy.ohiodominican.edu/NASApp/NetAdvantage/showIndustrySurvey.do?loadIndSurFromMenu=html Alukos, B. (2012, August 22). We believe southwest is making the right decision by repurchasing its own equity.. Retrieved from http://library.morningstar.com.ezproxy.ohiodominican.edu/stock/stock-analyst-report?t=LUV ®ion=USA&culture=en-US